Best Kids Books about Elections, Politics, and Voting

John F. Kennedy s Assassination - 1482 Words

There are lots of people that have differing opinions on John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Some even believe that his assassination was a conspiracy. Today I will be explaining three different historians’ views on the matter, but all serious historians didn’t think that there was a conspiracy. I have randomly selected three historians who’s names follow: Michael Rivero, Daniel Czitrom, and Oliver Stone. These are three very credible historians, and have done thorough research on President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. I will first start off with historian Oliver Stone. According to Stone, the President’s Commission on the assassination presented their findings to President Lyndon B. Johnson, which concluded the alleged assassin, Lee†¦show more content†¦They also doubted that one shot was able to hit both President Kennedy AND Governor Connally from behind that caused much destruction of both of their bodies. Stone bashed the Warr en Commission, along with other parts of the United States Government, which included: the intelligence agencies like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bauru of Investigation (FBI), the United States Military, the media, and other perpetrators of the Cold War. Mr. Oliver Stone concludes his movie, (On The Trail of Assassins) by stating that Kennedy got himself into some trouble. When he decided to end the war in Vietnam by withdrawing the first 1,000 troops, he went behind the peoples backs. Also this might have been coupled with another event. Kennedy gave an American University speech, as well as a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, both in 1963 that also angered Americans, and felt as if they were betrayed. These reasons were seen as Oswald’s motives for murdering the beloved President Kennedy. Daniel Czitrom is a history professor at Mount Holyoke College, as well as a co-author of the book titled â€Å"Out of Many: A history of the American People†. Czitro m stated that Kennedy had made great decisions during his presidency, most of them famous in the cold war era. It is a known fact that Kennedy and Richard Nixon were the first President and Vice President to participate in the first televised presidential debate in 1960. Three years later, Kennedy seemed to

For Imposing Taxes on us Without our Consent free essay sample

For Imposing Taxes on us Without our Consent The section of the Declaration of Independence titled The Charges Against the King is extremely important. The English Declaration of Rights included a similar section, so without indicating the revolutions causes it would have been very difficult to justify independence. Today and during the time of the revolution many of the accusations seemed rather weak and unsupported. However there were some that were considered by all to be significant infractions.One of these is no taxation without representation or more specifically For imposing taxes on us without our consent. The fact that England was taxing the people without representation was by no means a trivial matter. The principle of no taxation without representation dates back to Magna Cart in 1215. The Magna Cart would later become the basis for English law and is actually cited in the Petition of Right of 1628. In fact taxation without representation was the primary reason for the revolution in England and the execution of Charles I. We will write a custom essay sample on For Imposing Taxes on us Without our Consent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The English considered the right of no taxation without representation to be very sacred as well. The rationalization that the English used to reconcile this abuse was meeting called virtual representation. This idea was that if someone was a British subject they were represented by all the members Of parliament. This idea was absurd and was especially ridiculous for Americans who were thousands of miles away from England. The English really had no idea of what life was like in the colonies so how can they claim to represent the colonies.The colonists despised the idea of virtual representation. They were either represented or they were not. The colonists clung to the principle of no taxation without representation with consistency. The government in England replied that the government could to be divided between legislative power in London and taxing power in the colonies. This forced the colonists to deny the authority of Parliament altogether and to begin considering independence. This was one very important step on the road to revolution. It was not just a single tax that the colonists found to be so upsetting but it was the combination of them all that made that colonists feel bogged down. They were the Sugar Act (1764) the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townsend Acts Of 1767. The Stamp Act Of 1765 required all legal documents, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets and even playing cards to array a tax stamp. This tax was in your everywhere for the colonists. It was often the reason that the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty violently protested.They would ransack houses of popular officials, confiscated money an hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles. The stamp act created much of the tension between England and the colonists that would eventually lead to revolution. Another very important tax was the Townsend Acts of 1767. They imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. The Townsend Acts were not too unreasonable but the colonists were on the look out for NY kind of tax that might jeopardize their liberties.It was not an in your face type of tax as the stamp tax was, but nonetheless the colonist saw it as a British effort to suppress their liberties. The Townsend acts were eventually repealed. That is all but he tea tax. This tax affected the estimated 1 million people that drank it each day. The Boston tea party and the colonist refusal to pay back the lost tea and the Boston massacre only caused tensions to build even more. The colonist began to realize that the taxes they were paying to support the troops in the New World did not benefit them in any way.All the threats from the French and Indian war had been eliminated. So what then was the purpose of the British even being here. They came to the conclusion that it was to suppress and contain the colonists. The principle of no taxation without representation was very important to the colonist who had a good understanding of history and of the English Revolution. The colonists were angry with Britain for other reasons as well such as their sealed economic system. The grievance of taxation without representation was an age Old right that they could use to justify their independence.

Negative Impacts of Video Game Consoles Essay Example

Negative Impacts of Video Game Consoles Essay The biggest challenges of video game consoled not only come from the competition between consoles developers but also from statistics revealing the facts that violent are the results of television and video games. Several researches indicated that effects of playing violent games are weaker than viewing violent television. The arguments are based on several assumptions: First, realism is important to increase the extent of influence posed by a media. Children are more likely to be influenced by video games and imitate aggressive acts if violence is depicted more realistically. Because video games tend to have poorer quality of graphics, some people expect them to have less impact on children aggression. Second, violent actions that are easier to imitate will impose more influence to children. Some of the violent actions in the video games –like shooting spaceships, shooting incoming missiles, etc. The fall of Sega gives us a lesson about the importance of marketing research in order to determine the market demands while minimizing the potential threats that might disarm a product’s strength. In the case of Sega, the failure occurred due to the persistence of marketing research department to force production department to develop CD-based video game consoles. It turns out consumers were not used to using it. The history of successful video games consoles can be separated with famous games that accompanied them. Nintendo, for example, once won the market when introduced Super Mario Brothers, which become a famous game. Therefore, in the fiture, video games manufacturers should conduct win-win patnership win contents/games developer. One of famous games developers is Electronic Arts that have produced several legendary games such as FIFA, NBA, and many sports-related games (Gamingredients Playphoria, 2005). Conclusion Television and video games have important roles in today’s societies since they inform us about the recent news happened in other part of the world and become media for people to relax themselves by playing games. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Impacts of Video Game Consoles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Impacts of Video Game Consoles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Impacts of Video Game Consoles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Several months ago, the facts that many people were in line at midnight to buy the new Microsoft Xbox, the newest version of video games from Microsoft, strengthen the idea that people loves playing games and the amusements gadgets not only target children but also adults. Unfortunately, we find that both movies and video games have been contaminated by sexual and violent contents. Some studies show that movie violence is more dangerous due to their popular nature and frequent exposure. A study by Craig A Anderson (2003) stated that there is relation between violent content on aggressive behavior and between the levels of violent displayed in games and the involvement of students in physical fights. Bibliography Anderson, Craig A. (2003). Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts and Unanswered Questions. Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://www. apa. org/science/psa/sb-anderson. html Anderson, Craig A. (2003). The influence of Media Violence on Youth. Retrieved November 1, 2006 http://www. research. vt. edu/resmag/sc99/media_violence. html Dolak, Dave. (2006). Marketing Communications (Promotion) Mix. Retrieved November 2, 2006 from http://www. davedolak. com/promix. htm Gamingredients Playphoria. (2005). the Fall of SEGA. Retrieved November 11, 2006 from http://www. playphoria. com/features/history/thefallofsega/ Spong. (2006). Sony Ramps up PSP Advertising. . Retrieved November 2, 2006 from http://news. spong. com/article/9822? cb=814 Time Inc. 2005. A History of Video Game Consoles. http://www. time. com/time/covers/1101050523/console_timeline/

Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Who can be wise, amaz’d, temperate, and furious, loyal and neutral in a moment? ~William Shakespeare On October 2, 1869 in the town of Porbandar, in what is now the Gujarat province of India, a son was born to the local prime minister and his wife. That child was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, later known to millions of Indians as the father of their nation. He lived an ordinary boyhood in the seaport town and attended school in nearby Rajkot. As a boy he attended temple near his home and readings were taken alternatively from the Hindu Bhagavad Gita and the Moslem Koran.(Gold) Since his city of birth was a seaport, looking out into the world, it hosted nearly 2 dozen religions. This would help greatly in developing a tolerance and acceptance for all religions.(Erikson) As is custom in the Hindu religion he was married in an arranged ceremony at age 13, his wife was a mere 10 years of age. Despite the difficulties before them, they fell in love and became a source of strength unto each other. Their marriage lasted some 60 years. In 1888 when Mohandas left for England to pursue a law degree, he left his widowed mother, his wife, and his son Harilal who was only a few months old at the time. Although leaving home was difficult, Mohandas was greatly determined to obtain his degree. Once in London he felt very uncomfortable. (Gold) This and his Indian ethnicity pushed him to the fringes of English society. The people he soon began associating with were the vanguard of social thought in England at the time and their influence on him was strong. It was at this time that he was introduced to the Christian Bible, delved deeper into vegetarianism, and got his first glimpse of what it was to be Indian through Western eyes. Through hard work and strength of mind, on June 12, 1891 passed his examinations and was called to the bar. On June 11 he was enrolled to the High Court and the next day saile... Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi Free Essays on Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Who can be wise, amaz’d, temperate, and furious, loyal and neutral in a moment? ~William Shakespeare On October 2, 1869 in the town of Porbandar, in what is now the Gujarat province of India, a son was born to the local prime minister and his wife. That child was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, later known to millions of Indians as the father of their nation. He lived an ordinary boyhood in the seaport town and attended school in nearby Rajkot. As a boy he attended temple near his home and readings were taken alternatively from the Hindu Bhagavad Gita and the Moslem Koran.(Gold) Since his city of birth was a seaport, looking out into the world, it hosted nearly 2 dozen religions. This would help greatly in developing a tolerance and acceptance for all religions.(Erikson) As is custom in the Hindu religion he was married in an arranged ceremony at age 13, his wife was a mere 10 years of age. Despite the difficulties before them, they fell in love and became a source of strength unto each other. Their marriage lasted some 60 years. In 1888 when Mohandas left for England to pursue a law degree, he left his widowed mother, his wife, and his son Harilal who was only a few months old at the time. Although leaving home was difficult, Mohandas was greatly determined to obtain his degree. Once in London he felt very uncomfortable. (Gold) This and his Indian ethnicity pushed him to the fringes of English society. The people he soon began associating with were the vanguard of social thought in England at the time and their influence on him was strong. It was at this time that he was introduced to the Christian Bible, delved deeper into vegetarianism, and got his first glimpse of what it was to be Indian through Western eyes. Through hard work and strength of mind, on June 12, 1891 passed his examinations and was called to the bar. On June 11 he was enrolled to the High Court and the next day saile...

Should you really Do What You Love

Should you really Do What You Love There’s an old cliche, â€Å"Do what you love and you’ll never work a day in your life†, that claims to provide the key to contentment in work and therefore, in life. But will this advice, like â€Å"early to bed and early to rise,† really leave you healthy, wealthy, and wise? Lizzi Hart of the Graduate Recruitment Bureau says a better approach is â€Å"Try and find a job that you enjoy†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhat it loses in poetry, it makes up in pragmatism. Her reasons are fairly simple. Firstly, making a career out of a hobby you enjoy will leave you spending 8+ hours a day on an enjoyable pastime you used to spend a few hours on whenever you felt like it. Next, you have to determine what you truly want from life–is making money or finding happiness your priority? Hart reflects on the choices many people make when they head off to college–should they study something practical with obvious real-world and professional applications, or something enj oyable, if less directly motivated by post-graduation career opportunities?Once you’re out in the working world, it’s a question of balance–if you’re feeling dissatisfied, remember that even your â€Å"dream job† may not stay so dreamy once it’s become a daily chore, but on the other hand, you may be able to infuse even the most quotidian tasks with an element of what you love to do outside working hours. And if not, Hart points out another frustrating clichà ©, â€Å"the grass is always greener†, and sometimes it’s more important to bloom where you’re planted. Even if you’re doing what you love, you’ll still be working–if you’re lucky!Is â€Å"Do What You Love† Bad Career Advice?Read More at www.social-hire.com

ECN 212 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECN 212 - Essay Example Outsourcing transfers jobs and/or assets to an external third party, foreign or domestic.† (Burton, 2013 p. 37). For example, a company may outsource a certain department which would be more expensive for them to set up than to outsource to a third party located outside of the United States. The most common example for this is the customer service department of credit card companies where calls are instead routed to a third party outsourced by the company. We can cite Capital One outsourcing its customer service department to companies like Accenture which already has the learning curve and capability to perform this function. This saves the company time, resources and effort of setting up its own call center and instead rely on the value of service delivery provided by its outsource partner. Outsourcing however is not only confined to customer service. It is also pervasive in the manufacturing sector which is evident in China whereby many products sold in the US are manufactur ed in China. This phenomenon is due to the availability of low wage workers in China not to mention its relatively relaxed labor laws. In addition, China has almost an â€Å"unlimited availability of resources, significant labor cost reductions, fewer government regulations, lower taxes and huge profits† (Burton, 2013 p. 34) which explains why there is an exodus of manufacturing plant to China. This kind of business set up allows companies to focus on their core businesses without being distracted by an operation that can be done better by an outsource company. In sum, the company benefits â€Å"velocity improvement, quality improvement, cost reduction, resource and logistics optimization, eliminating waste, reducing global supply chain complexity and risk, and improving the overall customer experience† (Burton, 2013 p. 34). While there are a myriad benefits in outsourcing, cost plays a major factor among companies to outsource jobs outside of US. The reduction in cost is so significant that companies will even tolerate a slight deviation from the ideal standard of service delivery. For example, in the call centers outsourced to Philippines and India, the job requires utmost proficiency in the English language since the work requires direct interaction with the respective company’s customers who are located in the US. Since most of the agents are not native speakers, it is understandable that there is a gap among non-native speakers in their communication skills. This deficiency however is offset by the savings in cost (Lockwood, 2012). Outsourcing has an effect on wages. It will invariably pull down the wages in the home country because workers will have to compete with their counterparts in the outsourced countries who could do or almost do the same job at a significantly lower cost. The law of supply and demand states that price of wages will generally fall down if there is a competition that could provide the same work at a lower cost. On the other hand, the reverse will happen in the outsourced country in terms of wages. Wages in outsourced countries are generally so low that even if they are contracted at a price considered as low in the contracting countries, the wages given are still considered to be high. As such, it will have a pull effect of increasing wages in outsourcing industry. In the long run, higher wages will mean

Drug abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug abuse - Research Paper Example This research paper will seek to explore the above three topics in drug abuse so that by the end of the paper, the researcher will provide recommendations on how to reduce drug abuse in the American society. The commonly abused drugs are alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, heroin and tobacco. This research paper will analyze and examine the health effects it has on the user. Further, it will analyze the short term and long term effects of the drugs so as to give a clear understanding on the effects of drug abuse. The paper will also research on the effects of the drugs to the non-abusers. Non-abusers can be the family members of the abuser, the community around or even the whole country. The research paper will create more emphasis in knowing the different causes of drug abuse for different groups of people. After understanding the causes of drug abuse and the effect it has on the society, the paper will also seek to evaluate the effectiveness of the available control measures. A person begins to experience massive deterioration in health with the starting of use of illicit drugs. The different health costs that were incurred in America in the financial year 2007 lists the number of patients who had been admitted to the hospital and the reason or the cause of their admission. It was found out that the subtotaled health cost rounded up to $11,416,232. The detailed description when given was found to be specialty treatment included $3,723,338. The specialty treatments included a huge population undergoing detoxification, residential, outpatient whose primary abused substance is an illicit drug. It was also noted that most of the people who were the patients of drug abuse were found out to be affected by diseases such as HIV, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, poisoning and the likes. The latest census reports that about one million of the people of America are living affected by HIV and AIDS due to drug

Watch Jack Neos Homerun Essay Example for Free

Watch Jack Neos Homerun Essay These two shows are very Singaporean. By this I mean that they contain many elements which are unique to my country, elements which only within the paradigm of our society will resonate with local viewers. Homerun, an Asian remake of the internationally acclaimed Iranian movie Children of Heaven is a movie directed by Jack Neo, who is a local celebrity best known for his comedic prowess and the many comedy shows under his name. Police and Thief is a relatively new weekly half-hour sitcom shown on Channel 5 which has yet to set a foothold in the heart of local audiences. These locally produced shows use, essentially different techniques in many areas to present the story to us while making use of our experiences as Singaporeans to help us understand and appreciate the shows from their story/plot to the surprises and nuances contained within. I will proceed to show you how the techniques used are also more different than similar. A distinction between the two shows is the element of narration. Cause and effect is employed to effectively present the story or stories in the shows. It is not uncommon to find secondary stories in an episode of a situation comedy or sitcom. These are often inserted into the plot and often come together in conclusion at the end of the episode. In Police and Thief, the show starts off on this episode with Lee Tok Kong the main character of the show wanting to get under the blanket with his wife and due to common reasons of tiredness and falling asleep quickly, has his pleas ignored. This scene is related to how Tok Kong later reacts to the wiles of a less than archetypical femme fatale. There is another story inserted in between, which shows how the neighbours sons, Rudy and Rafi having an unspoken conflict over a common love interest. This plot development has no explicit and implicit impact on the main story mentioned earlier. It almost feels like tokenism has taken place, either to fill up the half hour of screen time or to give emphasis to the other characters in the sitcom. In Homerun, it is quickly established that poverty leads to a lack of options and hence with the losing of shoes early into the movie, we see the main cause in the show that explains later effects. The show revolves around how the main characters are thwarted at every attempt to obtain a new pair of shoes or retrieve the old pair. We do not see scenes that have no relation to any other. In fact the entire narration of Homerun is about a search for a cause-shoes. Both the shows have different range of stories. There is less suspense buildup in Police and Thief and this is probably due to restricted narration where both the audience and the characters in the show know the same information at relatively equal times. The only example of unrestricted narration in the recent episode was when Rudy cheated on his promise to his brother Rafi behind his back to get a chance to go out with the girl, Cecilia, they both like. Rafi only found it out in another scene when Cecilia whom similarly does not know of the conflict called their home. In this case, we know more than several characters in the show at a particular time. In Homerun, during the opening sequence of Chew Kiat Kun running errands for his family, it is quickly established that a rag-and-bone man had taken away the pair of shoes which Kiat Kun had put down. Kiat Kun has no idea how the shoes had mysteriously disappeared and hence his sister Seow Fang too. In this scene alone, a beautiful play on camera angle suffices to keep us in suspense till much later in the show. This seemingly passing top down close up scene of the gnarled hands removing the shoes helps to tug hard at our heart strings when we later realize the rag-and-bone man is blind. The above is a good example of how both restricted and unrestricted narration can be developed from one scene. We know who had taken away the shoes (unrestricted narration) but like the characters in the show we have no idea he was blind (restricted narration). These two shows belong to the 2 commonest genres in Singapore. Police and Thief can be classified as belonging to the HDB genre. In fact this plot of this particular sitcom revolves around the conflict faced by two men who live in close proximity. It has an appeal particular to local viewers who are able to appreciate the familiar settings. One example which we can relate to is the scene of Lily, Tok Kongs wife who repeats a punch line in a scene where her face is framed in the center of our common older HDB window panes. It is common to see neighbours walking and talking from the same angle for those who have lived in HDB flats. Homerun is a social commentary and even as it is based in 1965, the year Singapore became independent, it reflects on socio-political situations which were prevalent during the time of filming i. e. the water issue between Malaysia and Singapore. Another genre which is mixed into both these shows is the coffee shop genre, featuring many scenes of meeting and interactions at local coffee shops. We see this in Police and Thief where Tok Kong was being interviewed by a lady near the beginning of the show and in Homerun, Kiat Kun helps out his teacher from school who is close to collapsing from shortness of breath at a roadside coffee shop. There is obvious stereotyping in Police and Thief. Tok Kong is your typical gangster or Ah Beng in colloquial terms. He has wild, pointy gelled hair and wears colourful clothing, even for sleeping attire (Opening scenes). His heavily accented Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Dont play with my heart) and his love for techno music scream Ah Beng. He is put in direct contrast with his neighbour and antagonist in the show Sergeant Dollah who is a policeman. Dollah is characterized with short hair, very neat and righteous. These stereotypes alone set the premise for tension and conflict as neighbours. It is akin to Phua Chu Kang versus his sister-in-law Margaret. The stereotypes in Homerun broadly differentiate the rich and the poor. A simple comparison can be made between Beng Soon and Kiat Kun, friends of opposite ends of the economic spectrum whose relationship sours then mends in the course of the show. Beng Soon is cast in shirts, clean with well-gelled hair (in school) and stands at a good head taller than Kiat Kun. His friend however is almost always dirty, with smudges on his singlet and/or face. Even during a game of soccer, Beng Soon provides the soccer boots and he is the only one on the field with soccer socks. Tok Kong as the gangster also becomes an icon easily associated with local shows of similar genres. There is no obvious icon in Homerun. It uses a motif rather, to play out the story. There were multiple scenes of close ups of your Bata white or dirty shoes (in the shops or in the background with Seow Fangs face in the focus). Many scenes of tension started because of shoes e. g.the shoes slipping off and into a canal full of rushing water and even in the scene where Seow Fangs teacher paces as the children are exercising). These scenes feature changes in music, close ups with dialogue in the background, all to draw attention to the motif in the show. During the scene at the well with the confrontation between the two groups of boys, we see wealth being equated with power, that Beng Soon who was the rich one could actually decide who got to use the well. This is perhaps the directors ideology portraying the way Malaysia hordes over us in the water issue. The premise of Homerun revolved around three things: shoes, intelligence and power being associated with wealth. Jack Neo parodies the socio-political situation between Singapore and Malaysia using the three elements with shoes being the water, Singapore being the more intelligent country and power that Malaysia holds over us due to their superior water resource. The two shows end differently too. The end of the sitcom is close without answered questions while the cryptic ending of Homerun leaves us pondering what the director would have us think as we leave the cinema. There is no element of suspense left in Police and Thief to entice the audience to look out for the next episode, unlike a soap opera. Even as both shows make use of our experience to enhance our appreciation and understanding of the shows, they obviously use several different techniques and some similar ones to bring forth the essence of each individual story. These different methods highlight certain elements essential to the plot of the stories and ultimately help us to enjoy the shows as Singaporeans. Word Count: 1512.

The Brown Wasps Essay -- essays research papers

The Brown Wasps   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Loren Eiseley’s Essay The Brown Wasps, Eiseley shows that humans and animals act in similar ways. He says that humans and animals cling to the things they know very strongly. Sometimes they even act as if nothing even changed. Humans and animals tend to want to return to things that they are familiar to as they grow older. Loren Eiseley shows how humans and animals try to cling or recreate an important or favorite place. This essay is about memory, home, places in time. Loren Eiseley does a great job describing the place that he is talking about to make the reader visualize and make them feel like they are there. Some examples are the old men, the brown wasps, the mice, the pigeons, the blind man, and even himself. He recalls his childhood in Nebraska and how the train stations used to be and how the pigeons would fly around waiting for people boarding the trains to feed them. Loren Eiseley once planted a tree with his father, when he was a boy and he ac ts like it has been there the whole time. Years later he returned to the house where they had planted the tree and realized that the tree he had been imaging all his life was gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning Eiseley describes the appearance of the train station and tells of the men that sleep on the benches. The lonely old men come into the train station for shelter and to get some rest. Whether they sleep for an hour or just take up space on the benches, t...

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay

An organized crime is a group of three or more people of a formalized structure and the main object is to obtain money through an illegal activities. This definition is one of many for organized crime, there are five types of organized crime, and there are two models that are used to describe the structure of organized crime and even though both of these are models of organized crime, they are both different. These models are: 1. Bureaucratic or Corporate Model 2. Patron-client or Patrimonial Model The Bureaucratic model is different than Patron-client for the following reasons: * Bureaucratic model is efficiency is the prime factor for large operations or activities. * This model follows the characteristics of Weber’s and Taylor’s model. * Once activities expand, the bureaucratic structure becomes necessary to control the enterprise with rules, hierarchy, specialization, and means of communication. * Some examples of this structure are Colombian cartels and the outlaw biker groups. * A more susceptible to law enforcement efforts The Patron-client model is different than the Bureaucratic Model for the following reasons: * Patron-client is based on bonds that tie organizations together * Provides aid and protection while clients become a loyal member. * Offers the advantage of continuity. * This model is less centralized and has more control over subordinates. * It requires more of a complex law enforcement effort. * Often uninvolved in actual criminal activity and only provides information on targets for the client to rob or steal. Both models are similar in the following reasons: 1. Benefit law enforcement, researchers, society, and professionals 2. Supporting Research, statistics, facts, and convincing arguments 3. Information presented on organizational structure, purpose and cause, members, and clientele 4. These models are tools that provide answers to questions 5. They offer an explanation to why people engage in illegal activities 6. How criminal organizations develop 7. Why most criminal organizations are successful. The models are important for understanding organized crime because each provides a wide range of beneficial information. Models can display what geographical locations are more prone to the development of criminal organizations. It allows us law enforcement the ability to implant methods that will deter, prevent, detect, and apprehend people involved with illegal organizations. There are two different models in an organized crime with both having their differences and similarities, they are both important for understanding an organized crime. References Lyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized Crime (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Mallory, PhD, S. L. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Sandbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Inc.

Julius Caesar Essay

The author, William Shakespeare, portrays Caesar in a more favorable light compared to Plutarch. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Caesar’s character sketch is that of a just, fair, patriotic, loyal and dominating leader. He is in favor of the people and always acts for their benefit. Whereas Plutarch shows Caesar as a dictator, a fearless man who does nothing but keep to his word and disregard all kinds of modern amendments. It can only be William Shakespeare, a well-known genius praised by people for decades, can do full justice to the character of the great Roman leader, Julius Caesar, in his play. Shakespeare mentions the instance where Julius Caesar goes to the senate house where all of Brutus’ confederates add their petitions to those of Tillius Cimber, in behalf of his brother who was in exile, to withdraw his banishment. They kissed Caesar’s hand and praised him but Julius Caesar like a truly just leader did not subject to that flattery and refused to comply with their requests. Another instance is where Caesar in spite of people warning him about the omens of the Ides of March, dutiful of his kingship still goes to the senate house and attends the meeting which he thought was to discuss important issues concerning the people of Rome. Both of these instances show a true king in the face of Caesar. Caesar was most definitely a model political figure. He refused the crown three times when it was awarded by the people. All his actions showed that he cared only about the people of Rome and not about his achievements. This puts all the notions about Caesar being a dictator and unjust ambitious leader, totally wrong. Caesar truthfully contributed to Rome and its people throughout his life. 1

The eNotes Blog 10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween

10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween Halloween is just around the corner! If youre looking for a costume idea, weve collected our top 10 literature-inspired outfits here by level of difficulty, so you can look bookishly awesome no matter how much time you have on your hands. 1. Ishmael, from Moby Dick Youre just one name tag away from Call me Ishmael. 2. Fifty Shades of Grey Witty and racy. Head to your local hardware store for some free color sheets and youre done!   3. A semi-colon Just make sure you only stand between two independent clauses at the party. 4. Hester Prynne, from  The Scarlet Letter You could go all out for this one and dress in Puritan garb, but really the only requirement is the red A pinned to your chest. Besides, a modern-day Hester costume would probably earn you real feminist brownie points. 5. Matilda Wormwood Everybody loves Roald Dahls  Matilda, and dressing up like the young bookworm is easy: all youll need is a ribbon in your hair, a floral  dress or overalls, and some books. Extra points for tacking on the red wagon or the ability to move objects with your mind. 6. Your favorite book cover There are a few clever ways to do this one: you could  paint a cardboard box and wear it over your torso, dress up as the person on the cover of the book (like this great face paint job to recreate  Pride and Prejudice and Zombies), or have a friend paint the cover on the backs of your hands so you can hold them up like youre actually reading the book (which, be honest, youd much rather be doing anyway). 7. Carrie To become Stephen Kings iconic character you will need: 1 white dress, 1 bucket oblood, and Sissy Spaceks crazy eyes. 8. Zombie librarian Sure, you could be your classic librarian, but playing with fake blood is just so much more fun! 9. Darcy and Elizabeth If you have a guy wholl agree to dress as Mr. Darcy, youve already won. 10. Danaerys Targaryen / Khaleesi The further you can go with this costume the better! Extra points for bringing your own baby dragons or, for the shockers, an edible horse heart. mmmm. Last but not least the easiest literary costume ever: Godot Skip the party altogether and leave them wondering when youll show up. What do you plan to dress as this Halloween? Share your bookish costume ideas in a comment!

Louisa May Alcotts Family Tree and Genealogy

Louisa May Alcott's Family Tree and Genealogy Louisa May Alcott, best known as the author of Little Women, never married and has no descendants. Her rich ancestry, however, stretches back to early America and Europe and includes many well-known people, including her father, famous transcendentalist Bronson Alcott. Many people can claim a relation to Louisa May Alcott through her siblings, cousins and other relatives. Born on November 29, 1832 in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now a part of Philadelphia), Louisa May Alcott was the second of four girls born to Bronson Alcott and his wife, Abigail May. The March family everyone came to love in her books is based on her own family, with Louisa as her alter-ego Jo and her sisters as the other three little women. Louisa May Alcott died just two days after her father, on March 4, 1888 from long-term side-effects of mercury poisoning. She initially acquired this disorder from the drug calomel (which is laden with mercury) that doctors used to treat the typhoid fever she contracted while volunteering as a nurse during the Civil War. Louisa May Alcott is buried on Authors Ridge in Concords Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, with her family. Nearby, are the graves of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. First Generation Reading the Ahnentafel genealogical numbering system is not difficult once you understand how this family tree is arranged. 1. Louisa May ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1832 in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. and died on 6 Mar 1888 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Amos Bronson ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1799 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 4 Mar 1888. He married Abigail MAY on 23 May 1830. 3. Abigail MAY was born on 8 Oct 1800 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. and died in 1877. Amos Bronson ALCOTT and Abigail MAY had the following children: i. Anna Bronson ALCOTT was born on 16 Mar 1831 in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.1 ii. Louisa May ALCOTTiii. Elizabeth Sewall ALCOTT was born on 24 Jun 1835 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. and died on 14 Mar 1858.iv. May ALCOTT was born on 26 Jul 1840 in Concord, Middlesex Co., Ma. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. Joseph Chatfield ALCOTT was born on 7 May 1771 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 3 Apr 1829. He married Anna BRONSON on 13 Oct 1796 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. 5. Anna BRONSON was born on 20 Jan 1773 in Jerico, New London, Ct. and died on 15 Aug 1863 in West Edmeston, Ostego Co., New York. Joseph Chatfield ALCOTT and Anna BRONSON had the following children: i. Betsey ALCOTT was born on 4 Apr 1798 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 5 Nov 1798.2 ii. Amos Bronson ALCOTTiii. Chatfield ALCOTT was born on 23 Oct 1801.iv. Pamelia ALCOTT was born on 4 Feb 1805 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 11 Feb 1849.v. Betsey ALCOTT was born on 14 Feb 1808 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct.vi. Phebe ALCOTT was born on 18 Feb 1810 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 28 Jul 1844.vii. George ALCOTT was born on 26 Mar 1812 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 12 Jul 1812.viii. Junius ALCOTT was born on 6 Jul 1818 and died on 16 Apr 1852.ix. Ambrose ALCOTT was born on 10 Sep 1820 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. 6. Joseph MAY was born on 25 Mar 1760 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Feb 1841 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. He married Dorothy SEWELL on 28 Dec 1784 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 7. Dorothy SEWELL was born on 23 Dec 1758 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 31 Oct 1825 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. Joseph MAY and Dorothy SEWELL had the following children: i. Charles MAY was born on 2 Nov 1785 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 21 Mar 1856 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.ii. Catharine MAY was born on 30 Dec 1786 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died in 1814 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass.iii. Louisa MAY was born on 31 Dec 1792 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 14 Nov 1828 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.iv. Edward MAY was born on 26 Aug 1795 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 29 Apr 1802 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.v. Samuel Joseph MAY was born on 12 Sep 1797 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 1 Jul 1871 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.vi. Elizabeth Sewall MAY was born on 5 Dec 1798 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 5 Mar 1822 in Portland, Cumberland Co., Maine.3 vii. Abigail MAYviii. Louisa C. Greenwood MAY was born on 2 Dec 1810 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 23 Sep 1891 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents) 8. Captain John  ALCOX  was born on 28 Dec 1731 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 27 Sep 1808 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. He married Mary CHATFIELD on 28 Aug 1755 in Connecticut. 9. Mary CHATFIELD was born on 11 Oct 1736 in Derby, New Haven, Conn. and died on 28 Feb 1807 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. She was christened 7  Noc  1736 in First Congregational Church of Derby. Captain John ALCOX and Mary CHATFIELD had the following children: i. Lydia ALCOTT was born on 8 Dec 1756 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 23 Sep 1831.ii. Solomon ALCOTT was born on 8 May 1759 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 21 May 1818 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn.iii. Samuel ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1761 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 9 Jun 1819.iv. John Blakeslee ALCOTT was born on 24 Jun 1764 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 17 Sep 1837.v. Mary ALCOTT was born on 8 Sep 1766 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 18 Feb 1770.vi. Isaac ALCOTT was born on 12 Apr 1769 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 12 Sep 1809.4  vii.  Joseph Chatfield ALCOTTviii. Mark ALCOTT was born on 11 May 1773 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 21 Nov 1846.ix. Thomas ALCOTT was born on 16 Oct 1775 and died on 27 Apr 1778. 10. Amos BRONSON was born on 3 Feb 1729/30 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 2 Sep 1819 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. He married Anna BLAKESLEY on 3 Jun 1751 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. 11. Anna BLAKESLEY was born on 6 Oct 1733 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 3 Dec 1800 in Plymouth, Litchfield, Conn. Amos BRONSON and Anna BLAKESLEY had the following children: i. Noah Miles BRONSON was born on 15 Jul 1767 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 8 Sep 1859 in Weymouth, Medina Co., Ohio.5  ii.  Anna BRONSON 12. Samuel MAY was born. He married Abigail WILLIAMS. 13. Abigail WILLIAMS was born. Samuel MAY and Abigail WILLIAMS had the following children: 6  i.  Joseph MAY 14. Samuel SEWELL was born on 2 May 1715 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 19 Jan 1771 in Holliston, Middlesex Co., Mass. He married Elizabeth QUINCY on 18 May 1749 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 15. Elizabeth QUINCY was born on 15 Oct 1729 in Quincy, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 15 Feb 1770. Samuel SEWELL and Elizabeth QUINCY had the following children: i. Elizabeth SEWELL was born on 12 Mar 1750 and died in 1789.ii. Samuel SEWELL was born on 11 Dec 1757 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 7 Jun 1814 in Wiscasset, Lincoln Co., Maine.7  iii.  Dorothy SEWELL Fifth Generation (Great, Great Grandparents) 16. John ALCOCK was born on 14 Jan 1705 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 6 Jan 1777 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. He married Deborah BLAKESLEE on 14 Jan 1730 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn. 17. Deborah BLAKESLEE was born on 15 Mar 1713 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 7 Jan 1789 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. John ALCOCK and Deborah BLAKESLEE had the following children: i. Lydia ALCOTT was born on 24 Nov 1730 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 15 Nov 1796 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn.8  ii.  Captain John ALCOXiii. James ALCOTT was born on 1 Jun 1734 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 9 Aug 1806.iv. Jesse ALCOTT was born on 23 Mar 1736 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 29 Oct 1809.v. Daniel ALCOTT was born on 25 Mar 1738 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 24 May 1805.vi. David ALCOTT was born on 12 Jan 1740 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 29 Jan 1821.vii. Deborah ALCOTT was born in 1742 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 18 Jun 1831.viii. Mary ALCOTT was born in 1744 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 6 Mar 1825.ix. Thankful ALCOTT was born in 1748 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 1 Mar 1839.x. Hannah ALCOTT was born in 1751 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 1 Mar 1821.xi. Anna ALCOTT was born about 1753 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 5 Feb 1822 in Wol cott, New Haven, Conn.xii. Stephen ALCOTT was born about 1757 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 18. Solomon CHATFIELD was born on 13 Aug 1708 and died in 1779. He married Hannah PIERSON on 12 Jun 1734. 19. Hannah PIERSON was born on 4 Aug 1715 and died on 15 Mar 1801. She is buried in Oxford Congregational Cemetery, Oxford, Conn. Solomon CHATFIELD and Hannah PIERSON had the following children: i. Joseph CHATFIELD was born on 4 Apr 1735 and died about 1795.9  ii.  Mary CHATFIELDiii. Hannah CHATFIELD was born about 1738.iv. Lois CHATFIELD was born about 1741.v. Eunice CHATFIELD was born on 6 Feb 1743 and died in 1823.vi. Rachel CHATFIELD was born about 1745 and died on 11 May 1778.vii. Comfort CHATFIELD was born about 1749.viii. Anna CHATFIELD was born about 1752 and died on 11 Sep 1853.ix. Comfort CHATFIELD was born about 1756 and died on 3 Nov 1798. 28. Joseph SEWELL was born on 15 Aug 1688 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Jun 1769 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. He married Elizabeth WALLEY on 29 Oct 1713 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 29. Elizabeth WALLEY was born on 4 May 1693 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Oct 1713 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. Joseph SEWELL and Elizabeth WALLEY had the following children: 14  i.  Samuel SEWELLii. Joseph SEWELL was born on 13 Jul 1719 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 18 Aug 1719 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 30. Edmund QUINCY was born on 13 Jun 1703. He married Elizabeth WENDELL on 15 Apr 1725 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 31. Elizabeth WENDELL was born. Edmund QUINCY and Elizabeth WENDELL had the following children: 15  i.  Elizabeth QUINCY Sixth Generation (Great, Great, Great Grandparents) 32. John ALCOTT was born on 14 Jul 1675 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in Mar 1722 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Susanna HEATON on 8 May 1698 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 33. Susanna HEATON was born on 12 Apr 1680 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 3 Mar 1736 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. John ALCOTT and Susanna HEATON had the following children: i. Abigail ALCOTT was born in 1703 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in 1771.16  ii.  John ALCOCKiii. Elizabeth ALCOTT was born on 31 Jul 1708 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 23 Jan 1782 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iv. Sarah ALCOTT was born on 11 Aug 1711 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in 1757.v. Stephen ALCOTT was born on 10 Aug 1714 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in Feb 1742.vi. Mary ALCOTT was born on 10 Aug 1717 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 34. John BLAKESLEE was born on 15 Jul 1676 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 30 Apr 1742 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Lydia in 1696. 35. Lydia died on 12 Oct 1723 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. John BLAKESLEE and Lydia had the following children: i. Elizabeth BLAKESLEE was born on 1 Mar 1702 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.17  ii.  Deborah BLAKESLEEiii. Mary BLAKESLEE was born on 5 Apr 1720 and died about 1799. 36. John CHATFIELD was born on 8 Apr 1661 in Guilford, New Haven, Conn. and died on 7 Mar 1748. He married Anna HARGER on 5 Feb 1685 in Derby, New Haven, Conn. 37. Anna HARGER was born on 23 Feb 1668 in Stratford, Fairfield, Conn. and died in 1748. John CHATFIELD and Anna HARGER had the following children: i. Sarah CHATFIELD was born on 5 Dec 1686 and died on 20 Jun 1721.ii. Mary CHATFIELD was born on 23 Apr 1689.iii. Abigail CHATFIELD was born on 2 Sep 1693.iv. John CHATFIELD was born on 26 Feb 1697 and died on 30 Oct 1793.v. Samuel CHATFIELD was born on 28 Aug 1699 and died on 17 May 1785.vi. Ebenezer CHATFIELD was born on 4 Jul 1703 and died about 1789.18  vii.  Solomon CHATFIELD 38. Abraham PIERSON was born about 1680 and died on 12 May 1758. He married Sarah TOMLINSON. 39. Sarah TOMLINSON was born about 1690 and died on 12 May 1758. Abraham PIERSON and Sarah TOMLINSON had the following children: i. Sarah PIERSON was born on 19 Aug 1705 and died in 1750.ii. Abraham PIERSON was born on 28 Jul 1707 and died in 1781.iii. Mary PIERSON was born on 26 Oct 1712 and died in 1790.19  iv.  Hannah PIERSONv. Stephen PIERSON was born on 4 Mar 1720 and died in 1758.vi.  Barchua  PIERSON was born on 1 Dec 1726. Seventh Generation (Great, Great, Great, Great Grandparents) 64. Phillip ALCOTT was born in 1648 in Dedham, Norfolk, Mass. and died in 1715 in Wethersfield, Hartford, Conn. He married Elizabeth MITCHELL on 5 Dec 1672 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 6 5. Elizabeth MITCHELL was born on 6 Aug 1651 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. Phillip ALCOTT and Elizabeth MITCHELL had the following children: 32  i.  John ALCOTTii. Thomas ALCOTT was born in 1677 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 2 Apr 1757 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iii. Elizabeth ALCOTT was born on 6 Feb 1679 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iv. Phillip ALCOTT was born on 19 Nov 1681 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.v. Agnes ALCOTT was born in 1683 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 8 Feb 1782. 66. James HEATON was born about 1632 and died on 16 Oct 1712 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Sarah STREET on 20 Nov 1662. 67. Sarah STREET was born about 1640. James HEATON and Sarah STREET had the following children: i. Nathaniel HEATON was born on 19 Nov 1664 and died in 1725.ii. Abigail HEATON33  iii.  Susanna HEATONiv. Anna HEATON was born on 23 Dec 1682.

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example This is in consideration that the firm will accumulate as much waste products as possible to be transported at reasonable intervals (Woodard 2001). We should also consider the cost of establishing new sites, expanding the existing site will be cheaper than starting new. This is because the firm will enjoy the economies of scale. Secondly, since the products are termed as hazardous and it will be unwise for each site to have its dumping site since this will lead to its distribution all over. I would propose that all waste products to be put together and then disposed into main landfill thus reducing the risk of people to get into contact (Woodard 2001). Bearing in mind that each site will have to pay taxes for waste products and more so the cost and damage to environment the best thing is to consolidate all waste products from that site Management is another factor to consider. Since we are running the same firm, for it to run in harmony we need to have one manager who will be held accountable for all waste product. Having all the waste consolidated from one site is more manageable than different

Three men who have played othello Research Paper

Three men who have played othello - Research Paper Example One of the major differences that have been seen in the character of Othello has been his race. Scholars have always had controversy over Moor’s origin. Some think that he is Arabic others think that he is black. However, before the blacks got into acting, Othello’s role has been played by white actors wearing blackfaces. However, this has slowly been black actors with the white actors being quite rare today (Shakespeare, 135). In this article we are going to discuss how Orson Welles, Ira Aldridge and Tommaso Salvini have represented the character of Othello. Orson Welles was a white actor who takes the role of Othello. He applies a lot of makeup in order to appear black. He was generally able to bring out the best of the character Othello. For instance, despite the fact that he stood out of the crown not only because he was tall but he that he was very courageous and would challenge anyone. Welles Othello is a flawless lover who finds himself in caught between honesty and intrigue. He is a vulnerable hero with two personalities. At some point he is brutal and baseless and at other times he is sensitive and noble. He does not realize that his wife has been faithful and devoted all the way until it is too late and at this point he decides to commit suicide. Unlike other Othello’s who were either black or which actors who wore a blackface, Welles Othello had a brown skin and black hair. He however wore a white cap at the scenes in the beginning of the play. Iran Aldridge was the first black actor to take up the role of Othello. This was after two hundred years of white actors taking up this role. He played several other Shakespeare roles. His acting as Othello was quite spectacular and left the audience earning for more. However, since he lived in an era when racism was very ripe, he was not welcomed by the conservatives who believed that the place of black people was just being slaves. The Times once commenting on one of his performances in Covent Garden said that it was objectionable for Desdemona to be pawned upon by a black man on stage London was the hub of racism and he was not allowed to perform in London theatre. He however performed in several other cities where he got a better reception. A Russian critic commented that Iran performances â€Å"were undoubtedly the best that I have ever spent in the theatre’ (Lindfors, 64). He acted under the directions of Dowling who followed the structure of the original play closely with the lines being quite the same. He used an accent that revealed an African dialect. This was a better portray of Othello considering that he was believed to be black in the original play. Tommaso Salvini is another actor who played the role of Othello. This man had won an international reputation of performing the roles of the Shakespeare tragic heroes. He performed in various countries starting with America Europe and his home country Italy. He was a not English speaker the use of bi lingualism on stage gave this actor a unique appeal. He would say his lines in Italian alongside and English speaking Lago. He had an imposing figure giving the Othello character Intensity and passion. Some critics are of the view that he was too passionate at times. In fact, it was said that he played the last scene aggressively than was intended in the book. Rumors said that some actors would refuse to be his Desdemona for this reason. Salvini also made other

Archaea as a Group of Single-Celled Microorganisms Essay - 2

Archaea as a Group of Single-Celled Microorganisms - Essay Example Methanogens produce methane and thermophile Archaea thrive in environments with very high temperatures. Throughout the essay, an extensive overview of the reasons as to why the Archaea have been classified as Prokaryotes will give. In addition, the essay covers the evolution of the Archaea and relation to Eukaryotes and Bacteria. Lastly, the discussion will elaborate on the reasons why Archaea are classified as extremophiles. Gottschalk G. (2012). Archaea and bacteria have a similarity in the cell structure. To be exact, Archaea have shown no difference with the Gram-positive bacteria in terms of cell structure. This could be the reason as to why Archaea is under the prokaryotic domain because is held together by a single unit of a lipid membrane with a very heavy layer sacculus. Through the diagrams above, the similarities in the cell structure of the Archaea and Bacteria can be seen. A further link through research has shown that some Archaea species like Viz Thermoplasma contain staining of the Gram-positive bacteria species, for instance, Viz mycoplasma. Just like most prokaryotes, Archaea has a small cellular size because it lacks the nucleus (Koonin et al., 1997). This makes their locomotion very swift because it can take up the shape of an object. It can also change its form depending on the surrounding to avoid harm. In research findings, it has been established that about 65% of the genes in a species of Archaea M.janaschii are found in most of the bacteria with only 7% being in Eukarya. Even though Archaea shows uniqueness in its gene composition, the same is a trend is evident in most prokaryotic genomes. Basing the argument using the prokaryotic homolog only, then the phylogenetic tree can actually prove that there is a very close relationship between Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria. This, however, shows that the Gram-negative bacteria have little similarities with the Archea. Signature sequences in the diversity of the protein structure have been used to show the unique relationship between the Gram-positive bacteria and the Archaea.

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay Noon Group of Companies is being managed by the Noon family. The group has qualified and experienced professionals. The Noon Group of Pakistan strives to improve its profitability and safeguard its stakeholders interest while maintaining highest quality standards and serving the community. The Noon Group of Companies has various business ventures and Noon Pakistan Limited is one such profitable venture of the Group. Apart from Noon Pakistan Limited a brief description of the other business ventures are as follows:- 1.Noon Sugar Mills Limited This venture was incorporated in 1964 and manufactures white sugar. Initial crushing capacity was 1500 MT of sugarcane which has been increased to 4000 MT over the passage of time. In 1986 an alcohol distillery was setup to manufacture industrial alcohol. The total number of people employed is 683 and currently efforts are underway to increase the crushing capacity to 8000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 2.Pioneer Cement Limited Pioneer Cement Limited was incorporated in 1985 with a total investment of Rs.2660 million and production capacity of 630000 tons per annum. The plant is situated in Chenki, Khushab. The project was financed by a consortium of foreign lenders led by the Asian Development Bank. Efforts are underway for another line having a capacity of 6000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 3.Noon International Private Limited Noon International (Pvt) Limited is a trading company which was established in 1972. The company employs 43 people including a team of 15 professional sales engineers. This firm represents various international companies of repute in Pakistan and markets their equipment in the fields of textile, power generation, sugar, fertilizer, chemical, steel, cement, food and milling. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 4.Textile Technics Private Limited Incorporated in 2004 with a total investment of Rs 100 million, Textile Technics is a joint venture between M/S Blue Reed of Spain and Noon International Private Limited. The project has a production capacity of 22000 meters of reed per annum. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 5.Textile Services Textile Services was established in 1994 and provides services to over 200 customers of Sulzer Textile Projectile Weaving Machines. The company employs 32 people and provides training, technical service and spare parts for clients. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED Incorporated in 1966 with a total investment of 553 million, Noon Pakistan Limited produces various products namely Butter, Cheese, UHT milk, HCLF, Pasteurized milk, Flavored milk, Juices, Water, Desi ghee, Honey and Jam. Installed capacity of the plant is 72000 Liters/2 shifts and there are 700 employees. Noon Pakistan Limited has been marketing its products under the brand name of Nurpur. The plant is located in Bhalwal, Sargodha while the head office is situated in Lahore. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) The company has not only built a strong reputation over the past years but has also been able to offer a strong product portfolio to its consumers. Noon Pakistan Limited believes in optimum utilization of resources in order to secure the interests of major stakeholders and fulfilling its obligation as a responsible corporate citizen by serving the community. The company also utilizes rigorous quality control procedures at all stages to ensure supply of quality products to consumers. This has allowed the firm to increase its turnover from Rs 311.7 million in 2004 to Rs 2436.41 million in 2011. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) The year 2011 was a challenging year for Noon Pakistan Limited. Energy Crisis, security situation coupled with devastating floods had exerted significant pressure on the economy and cost of living. Higher inflationary trends continued impacting their key products particularly related to fresh milk when shortages led to a cost increase of 16% compared to last year. Additionally, higher growth of their products led to severe filling capacity constraints and the market demand could not be met fully. Despite all these challenges, the management made serious efforts to achieve performance objectives by effective product mix, controlling fixed costs and locating new cheaper sources of raw material. Economic trends, prolonged gas and electricity outages, severe competition in selling brands and procurement of raw milk are not expected to ease out during the coming months. Due to reduced buying power, trend in the market is changing fast as consumers are looking for cheaper products in small packages. Therefore the management at Noon Pakistan Limited has made plans to reassess the market requirements and also further improve their production efficiency. (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) VISION The vision statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Our vision at Nurpur is to be a transformative force in our community and world at large and to serve as a model of a sustainable business alternative that nurtures social and economic well being in an environmentally sensitive manner. (Nurpur Foods-Our vision) MISSION The mission statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Nurpur is committed to supplying the consumer and customer with the finest, high quality products and to be a leading industry in healthy and nutritious products. Nurpur supports these goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical conduct in all its business dealings, treatment of its employees, and social and environmental policies. (Nurpur Foods-Our mission) CORE VALUES At Noon Pakistan Limited, consumers are at the forefront of everything they do. The core values of the company are as follows:- 1. Ideas are constantly challenged to develop next generation solutions. 2. Business is conducted openly and fairly while competing fiercely at the same time. 3. Team work is encouraged with individual flair for the best results. 4. Tough goals are set and challenged and beaten. 5. Preservation of the environment is valued and organic agriculture is sustained. 6. Mutually supportive relationships are valued among members of local and global communities. (Nurpur Foods-Core values) AWARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS Noon Pakistan Limited has won many prestigious awards and certifications which are as follows:- 1. First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005. 2. Brand of the year award (2006-07) in the category of Butter. 3. Brand of the year award (2007-08) in category of Butter, Cheese and flavored milk. 4. Brand of the year award (2008-09) in the category of Butter. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) PRODUCTION OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS PRODUCTION UNITS 2011 2010 2009 UHT Milk/Tea whitener Ltrs 30,940,079 20,385,290 16,246,333 UHT Flavored milk Ltrs 4,668,071 4,075,407 2,498,299 UHT Cream Ltrs 71,381 461,722 345,580 Butter Kgs 986,335 1,011,925 862,622 Milk powder Kgs 927,943 1,160,508 930,894 Cheese Kgs 203,146 206,508 194,020 Ghee Kgs 34,371 52,190 31,331 Pasteurized Milk Ltrs 4,911,778 2,663,294 1,806,733 Loose cream Ltrs 3,490 Jams and honey Kgs 34,032 42,812 23,735 Juices Ltrs 4,421,399 10,341,160 10,402,443 (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) THE PURCHASE DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to get insights about the operations of the Purchase Department, two interviews were held with the Purchase Manager of Noon Pakistan Limited. The purchase manager of Noon Pakistan Limited is Mr.Malik Ashraf who has been with the firm since its establishment. The operations of the department and interview findings are described as follows:- The purchase department is responsible for purchasing all materials required by the head office and plant other then milk which is purchased at the milk collection centre in Bhalwal. Materials which are purchased by the department range from ordinary items like office and plant stationary to complex materials like Flavors, Spare parts for plant equipment and transportation vehicles, Chemicals, Fuel and everything related to the manufacturing process, Logistics and day to day operations. Demand for requisition comes from the factory and approval has to be given by the Managing Director. The purchase department currently has 4-5 employees. The purchase department stays in coordination with the plant and suppliers through phone and email and as such no software is currently being used by the department. The department uses a manual system of keeping records and storing files. The purchase department always keeps 3 copies of requisitions and delievery challans. One copy is sent to the pl ant, one copy is maintained with the purchase department and one copy is kept by the Purchase Manager. The major suppliers of Noon Pakistan Limited are SMC, Sitara Chemicals , Jeson Foods and Danisco. Everyone is involved in the purchase process including the General Manager, Purchase Manager and people from the plant. Payments to suppliers are made either on cash or credit through the head office. Credit terms depend on contacts and relations with suppliers and can range from 15 days up to a month. (Ashraf) According to Mr. Malik, Noon Pakistan Limited believes in maintaining healthy relations with Suppliers and this is one of the key strengths of the department. The primary reason given for this was that Juices and Milk factories in Pakistan have no second option since suppliers are limited and few. They have to purchase materials from the specified suppliers and bargaining power of suppliers is high in this regard. However if relations are good with suppliers not only do suppliers cooperate but may also be lenient in terms of credit. In this regard price does not play a major issue but a greater issue is that of availability of materials from suppliers. Mr. Malik also stated that in case of materials needed from local suppliers, the purchase department is given no time and purchase has to be made immediately. However when imported materials are required from foreign suppliers, the Purchase department is informed in advance as shipping takes time. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no fixed pattern of purchases made throughout the year and it all depends on plant and market requirements. The quality of materials purchased is checked at the plant and if there are defects the merchandise is returned to the supplier. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no HR department as such and the performance of the purchase department is monitored from the plant and the Managing Director. (Ashraf) When the Purchase Department gets a requisition from the plant, the respective supplier is contacted and a van or truck of the firm goes to the supplier along with delievery Challan. The goods are then transported to the plant. One issue which is being faced by the purchase department is lack of coordination with the plant. Mr.Malik pointed out an instance in which the plant actually required Diesel but in the requisition form mentioned Furnace Oil. He mentioned some employees in the plant try to trap the purchase department to lower its performance but due to his vast experience of working with the firm and keeping a personal record of purchases, he immediately gets to know about such issues. Mr.Malik described having more informal relations with local suppliers but with foreign suppliers a formal relation is kept. This is the primary difference in dealing between local and foreign suppliers. He also mentioned that Government Policies and Regulatory Environment do have an impact on prices because if the government increases prices, suppliers also have to increase their price. (Ashraf) A typical deliver challan and requisition form is given on the following page. Original documents have also been attached in the Annexure. DELIVERY CHALLAN Noon Pakistan Limited 1st Floor, Mustafa Centre, 45 F, Main Market, Gulberg Lahore Pakistan No._______ Date:_________ To, Manager, Noon Pakistan Limited, Bhalwal The following goods have been dispatched to you by Truck No_____________ SR# Description Qty. Amount Supplier Remarks Kindly Sign and Return Duplicate ____________________ _________________ Malik Mohammed Ashraf Bhalwal Store (Noon Pakistan Limited) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED, BHALWAL DEMAND OF STORE TO BE PURCHASED DEMAND NO______ DATE____________ SR# Item Code Nominclature Specification Name A/U Qty Required Stock in Hand Last Purchase Date Rate/Unit Amount Remarks ____________ _______________ Store Manager General Manager (Noon Pakistan Limited) THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Marketing Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Rizwan Khan who is the Marketing Manager at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for the past 5 years. The questions asked during the interviews have been attached in the annexure. Details of the Marketing Department are as follows:- Marketing research activities are outsourced. The Marketing Department purchases monthly reports by different marketing research agencies like AC Nielson and Tetra Pak. In this way the marketing department stays in touch with the latest trends and competitor activities. The Marketing department comprises of one marketing manager and a brand manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Marketing and Sales while activities of the brand manager are monitored by the marketing manager. The brand manager is responsible for dealing with various agencies as all marketing research data and ATL as well as BTL activities are outsourced. Some of the agencies with which the marketing department works are SABB Marketing, Time and Space, Orient, HRK Communications, Aura Communications, TOPAZ Communications and ADZ Communications. These agencies prepare designs of print ads and commercials. The brand manager discusses the various designs with the Marketing Manager and after makin g necessary amendments and recommendations gives the approval to Marketing agencies. (Khan) The Marketing Department does its planning in the beginning of the year in coordination with the Sales Department. A monthly, yearly and 5 year plan is made. The Marketing Department is consulted in all strategic decisions made at the corporate level. There is no fixed method for determining the budget allocated to the Marketing Department and it all depends on various factors like last years profitability and market performance of various brands available in the market. In 2012, three new brands by the name of Yogo Yogo, Dairy Rozana and Jalwa have been launched. (Khan) The Marketing Strategy of Noon Pakistan Limited is Differentiation strategy. However the strategy to be adopted for each brand depends on the market performance and competitor activities. Since UHT milk is difficult to differentiate, the current strategy being adopted is to position it as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The target market of UHT milk is Housewives and working females as well as males. Different SKUs are being used to target different Socio Economic Classes like the 1000ml pack is targeted for SEC-A while the 200ml and 250ml packs are targeted towards low income households. The main competitor brands of Nurpur Milk are Olpers, Milk Pak, Good Milk and Haleeb. The marketing department does not go for an offensive strategy because Nestle and Engro are huge giants with bundle of resources. Noon Pakistan Limited can be classified as an Analyzer. Another reason for not adopting an offensive strategy is that volumes are low. I mportance is not given to gain shelf space because there production volumes are so low that everything sells out due to high demand of UHT milk. Recently a new brand by the name of Dairy Rozana has been launched as a flanker brand to compete with the brand Dairy Omung of Engro. (Khan) The main weakness of the Marketing Department is that very little attention is being paid towards building brand equity. The department is focusing on increasing sales which is a short term approach rather than focusing on building their brands. The details about how the Marketing Department is managing the marketing mix of Nurpur milk is described in a later section. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT (Noon Pakistan Limited) The Brand Manager is responsible for dealing with various Marketing Agencies and reports to the Marketing Manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Sales and Marketing. (Khan) THE SALES DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Sales Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Nauman Butt who is the Sales Analyst at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for a year. The questions asked in the interview have been attached in the annexure. The organizational structure of the Sales Department comprises of the General Manager of Sales and Marketing, National Sales Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Area Sales Manager, Field Managers and Sales Officers. The job description of the Field Manager and Sales Officer is the same but position of Field Manager is superior because those Sales Officers whose performance is consistently outstanding are made Field Managers. Territories have been assigned according to location and comprises of Central Zone, Southern Punjab zone and Northern zone which includes RWL/AJK, Hazara belt and Pakhtoon.K belt. Distribution is limited in Quetta and Multan because of heavy freight expenses. The process of forecasting yearly sales is that last years closing sales are doubled and the amount is set as the Sales Target for the next year. Sales Quotas are assigned to Salesmen depending on the Area and potential. Other factors which are taken into account while assigning quotas are the seasonality issue because milk production and demand fluctuates throughout the year. There are more than 280 distributors all over the country and each Sales Officer has to monitor and look after 3-4 distributors. The Sales department also relies on individual projections from the Sales Team when deciding upon monthly and quarterly targets. If a salesman is unable to achieve his target in the specified time, he has to achieve both, the remaining target as well as the target allocated in the next period. If targets are continuously not being achieved the Salesman is fired. The salesmen who achieve targets are awarded with bonuses and cash rewards. In order to motivate the sales team, a sales competition is held and winner of Sales Man of the Year is rewarded. Besides having a Sales competition, vacation trips are also planned to motivate the Sales Team. If targets set in the year 2012 are met, the entire Sales Team will go on a vacation to Dubai on the companys expenses. Noon Pakistan Limited has als o started exporting its products to countries like England, Kenya and Afghanistan. The documentation process to export products involves the Performa Invoice, E-Form Attestation, Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin and Analysis Report. (Butt) ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SALES DEPARTMENT Pakhtoon.K Belt SO Rawalpindi Field Manager Inst.S.Executive Sales Coordinator Southern Punjab Zone GM Sales/Mkt SO SO FM ASM RWL/AJK Hazara belt RWL/AJK belt RSM Multan SO SO SO SO SO SO Faisalabad SO Sargodha FM Gujrat FM SO ASM P.milk FM I.SIndh FM Karachi Inst.SO FM ASM Sales Analyst North Zone South Region Head Office NSM Central Zone (Noon Pakistan Limited) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND PRICE LIST Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 2.CHAI MIX Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.38% 533 19.74 567 21 200ml 24 5.97% 385 16.04 408 17 3.BUTTER KGs Units KGs Units 200gm 30 8.00% 463 92.6 500 100 100gm 60 12.70% 488 48.8 550 55 50gm 120 13.20% 530 26.5 600 30 20gm 300 13.20% 530 10.6 600 12 10gm 600 13.20% 530 5.3 600 6 1KG white 20 11.80% 8500 425 9500 475 4.CHEESE Ctns Units Ctns Units 200gm cottage 42 9.10% 6930 165 7560 180 200gm slice 36 16.10% 5580 155 6480 180 225gm chedder 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm spicy 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm mozarella 40 14.60% 6980 174.5 8000 200 450gm chedder 20 13.40% 6880 344 7800 390 450gm mozarella 20 13.60% 8800 440 10000 500 1.8Kg mozarella 4 13.10% 5128 1282 5800 1450 1Kg slice 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 1Kg slice (KFC) 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 2Kg Chedder 4 12.10% 3924 981 4400 1100 5.CREAM P/Tray Units P/Tray Units 250ml 27 4.20% 1200 44.44 1250 46.3 6.PASTEURIZED MILK P/Tray Litres P/Tray Liters 1000ml 10 11.70% 600 60 670 67 500ml 20 13.30% 600 30 680 34 7.FLAVORED MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 12 13.30% 233 19.42 264 22 200ml 12 12.10% 214 17.83 240 20 8.PURE JUICES Ctns Units Ctns Units Apple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Guava 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Orange 1000ml 12 7.10% 840 70 900 75 Pineapple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Mango 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Apple 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Orange 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Mango 200ml 24 15.40% 312 13 360 15 9.YOGO YOGO Ctns Units Ctns Units 200ml 12 8.70% 276 23 300 25 10.DESI GHEE Ctns Units Ctns Units 1Kg 6 7.50% 2232 372 2400 400 11.JAMS 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units Strawberry 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Apple 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Marmalad 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Honey 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 12.DAIRY ROZANA 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units 1000ml 12 6.12% 735 61.25 780 65 250ml 27 6.11% 458 16.96 486 18 13.JALWA Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.21% 483 17.89 513 19 200ml 24 5.88% 340 14.17 360 15 (Noon Pakistan Limited) MARKETING MIX OF NURPUR UHT MILK Nurpur UHT milk has been positioned as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The milk is packed in Tetra Aseptic Packaging which allows long lasting storage and shelf space. Currently three SKUs are available in the market which are 200ml, 250ml and 1000ml. (Khan) Initially the pricing policy adopted for Nurpur milk was market penetration pricing, which means prices were low compared to competing brands. Recently the pricing policy has been changed and now the pricing policy is competitive pricing policy as shown below:- Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 (Khan) (Noon Pakistan Limited) Due to low volumes produced the company has adopted the policy of selective distribution. The company offers various discounts to retailers to push their products into the market. The indirect distribution channel being used is shown below:- (Khan) Due to limited marketing budgets, the marketing department has to promote most of the products through Below The Line(BTL) activities. Outdoor advertising, hoardings, flyers, Trader Schemes, Taste and trial promotion activities, posters, streamers, buntings and wobblers are mostly used. Even though some commercials have been aired on television, lack of budgets restricts the marketing department from making use of Above The Line advertising effectively. (Khan) SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Market leadership in selected product categories Strong and Experienced Sales Team Strong Supplier relationship Brand Loyal Customers Strict adherence to Quality Standards First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005 WEAKNESSES Weak coordination among departments No emphasis on building brand equity No formal HR Department Centralized Decision Making No policy of recruiting fresh blood Selective Distribution OPPORTUNITIES Exporting products to foreign countries Increased demand for dairy products due to urbanization and increasing population Ensuring availability in untapped markets Launching innovative products for health conscious consumers Going for backward integration THREATS Reliance on few suppliers Rising prices of sugar Rising prices of oil increasing transportation expenses Energy and Power Crises

The Internet, Moral Judgment and Respect :: Free Essays Online

The Internet, Moral Judgment and Respect The Internet has changed the way that many people go about their everyday lives. People are trading stocks, paying bills, checking weather reports, buying cars, and even lining up their Friday night dates via the Internet. It has certainly proved to be a convenient tool for many, but for some musicians it has created a void in their pocketbooks that may take some time to fill. Is the sharing of music files on the Internet our God given right, or is it a simple case of theft? As the 1990’s gave us Seinfeld, Grunge Rock, The Clinton Administration and the Macarena, they also introduced many people around the world to the Internet. The Internet allows clusters of computer networks to be linked together worldwide giving people the ability share information virtually anywhere. Among that shared information includes music files known as MP-3’s. The MP-3 ( MPEG Audio Layer 3) can squeeze a music file to a fraction of its original CD file size with only a slight loss of quality. [1] These files can be sent as attachments to e-mails and played back by the recipient just as if they were listening to the original recording. This seemed like a great way of distributing music over the Internet until a 19-year-old college freshman named Shawn Fanning released a computer program he had just written. He called it "Napster" -- his own nickname (apparently Fanning had issues with shampoo, so his hair was kind of . . . well, you know). [2] This site a llowed its users the ability to search for music and download it to their PC from any other user who happened to be logged on to that site. Imagine millions of files, readily available from your own home with the simple click of a mouse! You’ll never have to purchase another new CD again†¦or will you? Musicians and record companies around the world became growingly concerned with the drastic decline of album sales. How could copyrighted music created by an artist be taken and distributed without the permission of its owner? Isn’t this stealing? One would surely think that a department store would press charges if an individual were caught shoplifting CD’s. A musician makes his/her livelihood from the sale of their music the same way a store makes money from merchandise sales.

Mysteries of A Masterpiece of Sixteenth Century Graphic Art

Art historians and dentists alike have attempted over the centuries to unravel the mystery of Renaissance artist, Ambrosius Holbein’s Memento Mori Map. 1 The woodcut map was created as Holbein worked as an artist and illustrator for Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. This piece of early sixteenth century art was brought to the forefront of the masses when it was used by Peter Ackroyd in 1998. [Ackroyd P. The life of Thomas More. London: Chatto & Windus, 1998. ] The author used Holbein’s Map of Utopia on the back dust cover of his book Life of Thomas More,2 thus reviving a debate that had lasted for centuries concerning the unusual illustration.Holbein’s map includes an island, three sailing vessels and a land mass in the background among other objects. Upon closer inspection, the land mass is thought to be a human skull and the largest sailing vessel in the forefront is the skull’s teeth. This unusual â€Å"discovery† caused quite a stir both in the f ield of art and in the field of dentistry. While the masses viewed the sketch as an â€Å"intellectual puzzle†, it began to draw the attention of dentists who saw the sketch as an instructional guide in dental radiology.It heightened their perception of concealed anatomical structures in the human mouth. In 1516, Thomas More commissioned a young artist, Ambrosius Holbein,3 to illustrate his upcoming book, Utopia. Little did he know that five hundred years later, art historians and dentists alike would still be arguing about the hidden meanings of the woodcut sketch Holbein had produced. The hidden skull did not become apparent to viewers until a Third Edition of Thomas More’s book [Holbein, H. Painting prints and reception. Washington: National Gallery of Art. Yale Studies in the History of Art 60.] was published. There were no illustrations in the second edition but the Third Edition contained a much more complex version of the original sketch. Art Historians continue to argue about whether Holbein could have completed the later version, since it is apparent that it’s was a creator much more accomplished artist. The sketch of the Third Edition contains a number of similarities to the original but is a more complex work. In the sketch of the Third Edition, the teeth of the skull become much more apparent. The ribs and planking of the ship provide the so-called â€Å"teeth† of the grinning skull.The lower row of rectangles is not a third row of teeth, but instead the bony root prominences of the lower incisors and premolars. In Peter Ackroyd’s discussion4 of the sketch, he points out that the island as described in the book has the same dimensions as England, with the number of city states corresponding to the number of counties, plus London, which latter city the main town of the island resembles. These city states are reduced to six in the map. Another interesting enigma, these facts heightened the debate over Holbeinâ€℠¢s work. Was he a clever artist who enjoyed symbolism and trickery? Or was his original work a mere accident?It becomes very clear in his second â€Å"Map of Utopia†5 that he indeed had realized the intriguing controversy his first map had instigated. In this subsequent work, he takes the drawing to a deeply detailed level not seen in the original. The island itself has been transformed, with its visual wit bringing it up to the same standard as the text it accompanies. At a time when much of book illustration was religious or classical in theme, Ambrosius Holbein’s Utopia prints were distinguished by their modernity in showing living people. This fact also sets the sketch apart from others of its day. Another well-known fact adds to the controversy.Thomas More was known to be a clever sort of man who enjoyed word play. Did he originally commission Holbein to create this clever skull with â€Å"teeth†? Or was it merely a happy accident? Serendipity. It is intere sting to note that the Latin word for death is â€Å"mors†. In 1533 Hans Holbein, Ambrosius Holbein’s younger brother, also an accomplished artist, painted The Ambassadors. [Queen Anne House, 2A St. Andrews Street, Hertfordshire, SG141JA] This painting was commissioned by King Henry the Eighth of England. In this monumental painting, the king is presenting the Charter of Union to the barbers and surgeons at Bridewell Palace in 15406.In this painting, done fifteen or so years after his brother’s map, Hans plays with the laws of perspective by including an enigmatic anamorphic skull in the painting. A discussion ensued over this work as well. Was it a memento mori, a reminder of mortality? In 1997, a special exhibition in the National Gallery of London6 celebrated the completion of the cleaning and restoration of the â€Å"Ambassadors† painting. The exhibition was accompanied by an explanatory publication which reignited the debate over the Ambrosius Holbei n’s â€Å"Map of Utopia†.7 Considerable attention was paid to the skull in the foreground of The Ambassadors, the oblique slash of which is such a challenging enigma in the composition. To illustrate how the effect was achieved, both photographic and computer regenerated skull images of Hans’ anamorphic skull were shown. In the years that followed Ambrosius Holbein’s original and subsequent Map of Utopia, another â€Å"happy accident† occurred. The barbers and surgeons began to investigate the woodcut sketch for its value as an aid in dental radiology. Works Cited 1. Lupton J H. The Utopia of Thomas More in Latin and the English of Robynson’s translation of 1551.Oxford, 1895. 2. More C. The life of Sir Thomas More. pp 190–1. 1828. In Routh E M G Sir Thomas More and his friends. 1477–1535. p 109. London: Oxford University Press, 1934. 3. North J. The Ambassador’s secret. Holbein and the world of the Renaissance. London: H ambledon and London, 2002. 4. Ackroyd P. The life of Thomas More. London: Chatto & Windus, 1998. 5. Holbein, H. Painting prints and reception. Washington: National Gallery of Art. Yale Studies in the History of Art 60. 6. Young S. Annals of the barber surgeons. pp80–84. London: Blades East & Blades, 1890.

Four Learning Styles Essay

1.Sensing-Thinking or Mastery Learners What Motivates Mastery Learners? Master learners rely on sensing as a mode of perception and thinking as a means of judgment or decision making. They prefer well-organized, highly-reutilized classrooms where expectations are clearly described and strongly related to practical outcomes such as good grades, things they can make or do, and practical connections to jobs and careers. More than anything else Mastery learners want to appear competent, able to complete the work assigned as well or better than other students in their classrooms or grade levels. How Mastery Students Learn Most Easily The combination of sensing with thinking creates students with a strong need for purposeful action. They are frequently uncomfortable with both reading and lecture and prefer to learn from brief demonstrations followed by immediate opportunities to practice what they have seen or heard. They learn most easily in skill-based content areas where each step is modeled in a step-by-step manner, and where practice is followed by immediate feedback on how well they have done. They also look for clear instructions on how they can improve their performance. They prefer work that calls for short, right or wrong answers, and they learn most easily where there is a physical object they can manipulate or a visual diagram they can follow. 2.Intuitive-Thinking or Understanding Learners What Motivates Understanding Learners? Understanding learners rely on intuition as a mode of perception and thinking as a means of judgment or decision making. Intuition focuses the learners’ attention on ideas rather than details, abstractions rather than facts, patterns rather than components, forests rather than trees. The thinking function creates a strong need for logical consistency, a commitment to thinking things through, a preference for reason and discovery over demonstration and modeling. Though some Understanding learners share with Mastery students a desire for efficiency, they are motivated largely by a need to understand and question what they learn rather than simply accept and record what the textbook or the teacher claims. How Understanding Students Learn Most Easily The Understanding learner thrives in an intellectual atmosphere and has a strong drive for perfection. Rigorous texts, demanding and complex ideas, well-organized but provocative lectures stimulate Understanding learners’ brains to action. But this intellectual atmosphere needs to be balanced effectively with opportunities for them to develop their own ideas and to question, revise, and criticize the ideas of others. They may grasp a new concept with frightening speed and lucidity but may require more time to think things through and put the new learning into action. The demand for logical consistency means they have a strong need to question and test ideas. Finally, their concern with intellectual content and reasoning sometimes causes them to undervalue the need for routine work and practice resulting in boredom when teachers insist on drill and practice. 3.Intuitive-Feeling or Self-Expressive Learners What Motivates Self-Expressive Learners? Self-Expressive learners rely on intuition as a mode of perception and feeling as a means of judgment or decision making. The intuition of Self-Expressive learners uses hunch, guessing, and insight to organize the world into shifting patterns of possibility. Meanwhile, their feeling function applies association, memory, and emotion to the task of turning these patterns into concrete images they can use to understand what they are learning, and to create meaningful products. It is through these processes of imagination, creativity, personal expression, and communication that Self-Expressive learners become excited and motivated in the classroom. How Self-Expressive Students Learn Most Easily Self-Expressive learners need stimulation and surprise to engage and focus their attention. They thrive on imaginative literature and provocative prose in science and social studies. They master content when they can add a personal, creative hook to lessons or create a project to stimulate their imaginations: in social studies, they might look to bring in dusty diaries of ancestors or to write a history of the America Revolution through the eyes of a slave or Native American; in science class they might push for a  trip to the local pond that’s been carved in the woods by a glacier; they might use their knowledge of statistics and percentages to create a business plan. They also need sustained, quieter times to work through and implement their ideas. 4.Sensing-Feeling or Interpersonal Learners What Motivates Interpersonal Learners? Interpersonal learners rely on sensing (focus on the physical nature of the world) as a mode of perception and feeling as a means of judgment or decision making. But, unlike Mastery learners who transform the data into separate details, Interpersonal learners look to extend these physical sensations into images and emotions and strive to connect this new information to their own body of personal experience. What Interpersonal students seek that Mastery students don’t is a sense of belonging and a reason to believe they are part of a team or cooperative group. Interpersonal students are strongly motivated by the quality of their relationships to the teacher, to the other students, and to their parents and friends. How Interpersonal Students Learn Most Easily The combination of sensing and feeling provokes in the Interpersonal student a strong need for conversation. The Interpersonal student best confirms and reinforces new learning through conversation, personal connections, and shared projects. When it comes to skills, both Mastery and Interpersonal learners need modeling and demonstration, but Interpersonal learners prefer a more personal approach where feedback and correction are carried by the human voice of the teacher or another student. Though they show some preference for short answer work, they are quite comfortable with work that asks for their thoughts, feelings, and personal opinions .Physical objects and visual diagrams can aid in their learning, but it is the quality of the social content, learning partner, cooperative group, or relationship with the teacher that drives them to do their best work.